Sustainable Design of a Multi-Echelon Closed Loop Supply Chain under Uncertainty for Durable Products

The increased awareness of environmental sustainability has led to increasing attention closed loop supply chains (CLSC). main objective the CLSC is capture values from end-of-life (EOL) products in a way that ensures business be economically and environmentally sustainable. challenge complexity occurrs due closing loop. At same time, considering stochastic variables will increase realism obtained results as well model. This study aims design for durable using multistage model mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) while uncertainty demand, return rate, quality. Demand was described by normal distribution whereas rate quality were represented set discrete possible outcomes with specific probability. function maximize profit multi-period multi-echelon CLSC. tested on real case at an air-conditioning company. computational identified which facilities should opened reversed optimize profit. showed resulted reduction purchasing costs 52%, annual savings 831,150 USD, extra revenue 5459 USD selling raw material market. However, transportation cost additional 6457 various recovery processes annually about 152,897 USD. By running nine years, breakeven point after three years establishing increases 1.92%. In conclusion, this research provide valuable analysis may support decision-makers chain planning regarding feasibility converting forward products.